OBAT GUBAL - Crude drug - 药材 - 藥材 - Yàocái

OBAT GUBAL Obat gubal (crude drug atau raw material) merupakan obat dari tumbuhan/hewan, terdiri dari bahan alami yang hanya mengalami proses pengumpulan dan pengeringan. Bahan alami adalah seluruh tanaman( herba) dan bagian-bagiannya termasuk cairan tumbuhan, ekstrak, dan hasil sekresi. Proses ekstraksi melibatkan “pelarut/solvent”  disebut cairan pengekstrak (menstrum). Sisa proses ekstraksi (bagian yang tidak larut) disebut ampas (marc). Hasil ekstraksi disebut ekstrak (sari). http://blog.pharmacy-science.com/farmakognosi/obat-gubal-dan-simplisia.html gubal Tesaurus Bahasa Indonesia sinonim : bingkah, bongkah, bungkal, gumpal, http://www.sinonimkata.com/sinonim-152373-gubal.html bingkah Tesaurus Bahasa Indonesia sinonim : bongkah, briket, gumpalan, ketul, pukal, http://www.sinonimkata.com/sinonim-150481-bingkah.html bongkah Tesaurus Bahasa Indonesia sinonim : bingkah, briket, bukur, bungkal, gumpalan, pukal, http://www.sinonimkata.com/sinonim-150563-bongkah.html bungkal Tesaurus Bahasa Indonesia sinonim : anak timbangan, batu dacin, bongkah, buah dacin, gubal, gumpal, http://www.sinonimkata.com/sinonim-150657-bungkal.html Visual ArtiKata Explore gubal in ArtiKata.com > Definisi 'gubal' Indonesian to English pig Indonesian to Indonesian noun 1. kayu yg lunak antara kulit dan teras teras terunjam, -- melayang, pb penduduk asli akan tetap tinggal di negerinya apabila orang asing pergi source: kbbi3 2. bungkah (tanah, batu, dsb) -- besi  bungkah besi; besi kasar (belum dikerjakan) source: kbbi3 verb 3. meng·gu·bal  v merencanakan dan menyusun: ~ undang-undang source: kbbi3 http://www.artikata.com/arti-329200-gubal.html Definition: gubal cambium, clump, pile Kambium adalah lapisan jaringan meristematik pada tumbuhan yang sel-selnya aktif membelah dan bertanggung jawab atas pertumbuhan sekunder tumbuhan. Kambium ditemukan pada batang dan akar. Berdasarkan jaringan tetap yang dibentuknya, dikenal dua kelompok kambium, yaitu kambium gabus (felogen, phellogen) dan kambium pembuluh (vascular cambium). Kambium hanya ditemukan pada tumbuhan dikotil dan gymnospermae. clump (plural clumps) A cluster or lump In biology and health sciences: Cancer cluster, in biomedicine, an occurrence of a greater-than-expected number of cancer cases Cluster headache, a neurological disease that involves an immense degree of pain Cluster of differentiation, protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on white blood cells. Winter cluster, in beekeeping, a well-defined cluster of honey bees in cold temperatures Cluster (epidemiology), a grouping of cases of disease Genetic cluster, a group of genes (or proteins, or metabolites) whose expression or concentration is similar across a range of conditions lump (plural lumps) Something that protrudes, sticks out, or sticks together; a cluster or blob; a mound, hill, or group. Stir the gravy until there are no more lumps. A group, set, or unit. The money arrived all at once as one big lump sum payment. How many lumps (of sugar) do you use in your coffee?

A crude drug (药材, 藥材, Yàocái)[1] is any naturally occurring, unrefined substance derived from organic or inorganic sources such as plant, animal, bacteria, organs or whole organisms intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals. Crude drugs[2] are unrefined medications in their raw or natural forms. Prior to the 1950s, every pharmacy student learned about crude drugs in pharmacognosy class. Pharmacognosy is the study of the proper horticulture, harvesting and uses of the raw medications found in nature. Raising, harvesting and selling crude drugs was how many large pharmaceutical companies started out. Companies such as Eli Lilly and Company[3] sold crude drugs to pharmacists to save them time and money, but the early pharmacy graduate would know how to raise their own crude drugs if need be. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_medicine crude drug (pharmacology) A plant or animal drug containing all principles characteristic of the drug. The dried leaves, bark, or rhizome of a plant containing therapeutically active principles. Also known as botanical; plant extract. http://www.answers.com/topic/crude-drug A crude drug is naturally occurring drug with pharmacologically active ingredients in an unrefined state, requiring no additional processing for use. An example is ginseng root; patients can consume fresh or dried roots straight in addition to grinding them into powder for use in capsules, teas, and other preparations. The root is ready to use as it comes out of the ground, in contrast with other botanical pharmaceuticals that may require processing to extract useful compounds. Traditional medicine in many cultures relies heavily on crude drugs to treat patients. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-crude-drug.htm