SENNAE FOLIUM 8 - Sennoside 3

SENNAE FOLIUM 8 - Sennoside 3

Sennosides

Sennosides are the chemical constituents of the herb senna. Senna is found in many over the counter laxatives and weight loss products. It should be used with caution, however, as it has definite side effects that can occur in many users, as well as the possibility for dependency.

Uses of Senna

• Senna is an herb that has a powerful laxative effect.
• It works on the intestines by stimulating bowel movements and encouraging contractions in the intestines.
• It has been used for relief of occasional constipation and bowel cleansing.
• This purgative accounts for the main weight loss effect of some weight loss teas and supplements.
• Some common products containing senna or sennosides include Senokot, Ex-Lax and Super Dieter's Tea.

Benefits

• The main benefit of senna is its cleansing effect.
• You will experience increased bowel movements while taking this herb.
• And, since a sluggish bowel is a common problem for those struggling with their weight, senna often provides a much welcome relief.
• However, it should be noted that the weight loss associated with taking the tea is a side effect.
• Without proper diet modification or lifestyle change, that weight can quickly return.

Adverse Effects

• Senna or products containing sennosides should not be taken for more than 10 consecutive days.
• Because senna increases elimination and fluid in the intestines, it can create frequent, loose stools.
• It may even cause diarrhea.
• For this reason, it can also interfere with the absorption of certain nutrients or prescription medications.
• According to Pharmacy Health, sennosides or other laxatives have been known to create dependency.
• This means that over time, your bowels will become dependent on the chemicals, and you will require them to have even normal, regular bowel movements.

Precautions

• The bottom line is this or any other product containing senna or sennosides should be used with caution.
• Pregnant women and children should not use senna.
• It is best to use this herb only for occasional relief of constipation, or along with a short colon cleansing program.
• It should not be used long term as a weight loss product.
• Safe, natural weight loss comes from healthy eating and exercise.
• While internal cleansing is a good start for a weight loss program, a total lifestyle change is the best way to ensure permanent, healthy weight loss.

Senna Dependency

• For those who already suffer from laxative dependency, normal bowel function can be restored.
• Immediately discontinue using products containing senna or sennosides. Increase water and fiber intake.
• Products containing psyllium husk can be taken up to three times per day with plenty of water to increase bulk in the digestive tract and stimulate bowel movements.
• If a temporary laxative is needed, cascara sagrada is an herbal alternative that is considered safer for long term use.

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SENNAE FOLIUM 7 - Constipation 1

SENNAE FOLIUM 7 - Constipation 1

n

Types of Constipation   Constipation can be broadly classified into two types: a) Casual or temporary:     Can be caused by indigestion, overeating, contaminated food     or bacterial infection. b) Chronic or habitual:     Occurs largely in the elderly usually due to the loss     of Tonality in the sphincter muscles. It is also presented     by persons sufering from piles or haemorrhoidal tissues.   Oral laxatives are medicines taken by mouth to encourage bowel movements to relieve constipation. Most laxatives (except saline laxatives) may also be used to provide relief: During pregnancy. For a few days after giving birth. During preparation for examination or surgery. For constipation of bedfast patients. For constipation caused by other medicines. Following surgery when straining should be avoided. Following a period of poor eating habits or a lack of physical exercise in order to develop normal bowel function (bulk-forming laxatives only).   For some medical conditions that may be made worse by straining, for example: Heart disease Hemorrhoids Hernia (rupture) High blood pressure (hypertension) History of stroke   Different types of oral laxatives Bulk-formers: Bulk-forming laxatives are not digested but absorb liquid in the intestines and swell to form a soft, bulky stool. The bowel is then stimulated normally by the presence of the bulky mass. Some bulk-forming laxatives, like psyllium and polycarbophil, may be prescribed by your doctor to treat diarrhea. Hyperosmotics: Hyperosmotic laxatives encourage bowel movements by drawing water into the bowel from surrounding body tissues. This provides a soft stool mass and increased bowel action. There are three types of hyperosmotic laxatives taken by mouth-the saline, the lactulose, and the polymer types. The saline type is often called "salts.'' They are used for rapid emptying of the lower intestine and bowel. They are not used for long-term or repeated correction of constipation. The lactulose type is a special sugar-like laxative that works the same way as the saline type. However, it produces results much more slowly and is often used for long-term treatment of chronic constipation. The polymer type is a polyglycol (polyethylene glycol), a large molecule that causes water to be retained in the stool; this will soften the stool and increase the number of bowel movements. It is used for short periods of time to treat constipation. Lubricants: Lubricant laxatives, such as mineral oil, taken by mouth encourage bowel movements by coating the bowel and the stool mass with a waterproof film. This keeps moisture in the stool. The stool remains soft and its passage is made easier. Stimulants: Stimulant laxatives, also known as contact laxatives, encourage bowel movements by acting on the intestinal wall. They increase the muscle contractions that move along the stool mass. Stimulant laxatives are a popular type of laxative for self-treatment. However, they also are more likely to cause side effects. They are synthetics like Bisacodyl as well as natural products like senna, cascara sagrada, cassia fistula, etc. Phenolphthalein is known to cause severe side effects and is banned in several countries. Stool softeners (emollients): Stool softeners encourage bowel movements by helping liquids mix into the stool and prevent dry, hard stool masses. This type of laxative has been said not to cause a bowel movement but instead allows the patient to have a bowel movement without straining. Combinations: There are many products that you can buy for constipation that contain more than one type of laxative. Saline laxatives: Have more limited uses and may be used to provide rapid results: During preparation for examination or surgery. For elimination of food or drugs from the body in cases of poisoning or overdose. For simple constipation that happens on occasion (although another type of laxative may be preferred). In supplying a fresh stool sample for diagnosis. General Information Most laxatives are available without a prescription. They are available in various dosage forms. Importance of diet, fluids, and exercise to prevent constipation cannot be overemphasised. Laxatives are to be used to provide short-term relief only, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. A proper diet containing roughage (whole grain breads and cereals, bran, fruit, and green, leafy vegetables), with 6 to 8 full glasses (8 ounces each) of liquids each day, and daily exercise are most important in maintaining healthy bowel function. Also, for individuals who have problems with constipation, foods such as pastries, puddings, sugar, candy, cake, and cheese may make the constipation worse. If you are taking this medicine without a prescription, carefully read and follow any precautions on the label. Apprise your doctor of any special health conditions viz. allergies, diet (such as a low-sodium or low-sugar diet), pregnancy, etc. Special care should be taken in case of Children below 6 years of age and older adults. When you are taking oral laxatives, it is especially important that your health care professional know if you are taking any prescription drugs. The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of oral laxatives. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially, appendicitis (or signs of) or Rectal bleeding of unknown cause, Colostomy or Intestinal blockage or Ileostomy. The use of laxatives may create other problems if these conditions are present: Diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes) Heart disease High blood pressure Kidney disease Swallowing difficulty Dosing There are a large number of laxative products on the market. The dose of laxatives will be different for different products. The number of capsules or tablets or teaspoonfuls of crystals, gel, granules, liquid, or powder that you use; the number of caramels or wafers that you eat; or the number of pieces of gum that you chew depends on the strength of the medicine. Follow your doctor's orders if this medicine was prescribed, or follow the directions on the box if you are buying this medicine without a prescription . Storage To store this medicine: Keep out of the reach of children. Store away from heat and direct light. Do not store the capsule, tablet, granules, or powder form of this medicine in the bathroom, near the kitchen sink, or in other damp places. Heat or moisture may cause the medicine to break down. Keep the liquid form of this medicine from freezing. Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed. Be sure that any discarded medicine is out of the reach of children.

USE OF SENNA/SENNOSIDES AS LAXATIVE How much is usually taken? It’s best to follow the instructions on the label of over-the-counter senna products. Some doctors suggest an herbal extract in capsules or tablets providing 20–60 mg of sennosides per day. This can be continued for a maximum of ten days maximum. Use beyond ten days is strongly discouraged. If constipation is not alleviated within ten days, individuals should seek the help of a healthcare professional. Combination with herbal mint teas can help decrease cramping. Half the adult amount of senna can be safely used in children over the age of six.   Presentation:   Tablets: Enteric-Coated or Uncoated containing 37.5 to 90 mg of Calcium Sennosides equivalent to 7.5 to 18 mg of Hydroxyanthracene glucosides as Sennoside B per tablet Powders: With or without other components like Isabgol, Cascara sagrada etc. containing raw powdered herb or Calcium Sennosides equivalent to 5 to 30 mg of Hydroxyanthracene glucosides as Sennoside B per dose Liquids: Syrup or fluid extract with or without alcohol containing 5 to 30 mg of Hydroxyanthracene glucosides as Sennoside B per dose Others: Also presented in the form of herbal teas, chocolate pieces How to take: Tablet--Swallow with liquid. If you can't swallow whole, chew or crumble tablet and take with liquid or food. Liquid, granules--Drink 6 to 8 glasses of water each day, in addition to one taken with each dose. Suppositories--Remove wrapper and moisten suppository with water. Gently insert larger end into rectum. Push well into rectum with finger. When to take: Usually at bedtime with a snack, unless directed otherwise. If you forget a dose: Take as soon as you remember. What drug does: Acts on smooth muscles of intestine wall to cause vigorous bowel movement. Time lapse before drug works: 6 to 10 hours. Don't take with: Don't take within 2 hours of taking another medicine. Laxative interferes with medicine absorption.

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SENNAE FOLIUM 6 - Sennoside 2

SENNAE FOLIUM 6 - Sennoside 2

INTRODUCTION Sennosides are hydroxyanthracene glycosides derived from Senna leaves. They have been used as natural, safe time-tested laxatives in traditional as well as modern systems of medicine. Available in various convenient dosage forms they can be used to relieve occasional as well as habitual constipation C. angustifolia or Tinnevelly Senna, Senna Indica, C. elongata is an annual growing in the Yemen and Hadramaut provinces of Arabia Felix, in Somaliland, Mozambique, Sind, and the Punjab. In Southern India it is cultivated and grows to a larger size. In the German and Swiss Pharmacopoeias, the official drug is restricted to Tinnevelly Senna, and also in the British Pharmacopoeia and the Pharmacopoeia of India. Senna Indica also includes the variety known as Arabian, Mocha, Bombay, or East Indian Senna. Both varieties, as well as Alexandrian Senna, C. acutifolia, are official in the United States Pharmacopoeia. There is a certain difference in the qualities and also in the names of the species imported into Britain and America. The fine Tinnevelly Senna goes from Madras or Tuticorin to Britain. The leaflets are unbroken, from 1 to 2 or more inches long, thin, flexible, and green.

Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies): People in northern Africa and southwestern Asia have used senna as a laxative for centuries. It was considered a “cleansing” herb because of its cathartic effect. In addition, the leaves were sometimes made into a paste and applied to various skin diseases. Ringworm and acne were both treated in this way.   Medical uses : [1]  Besides being a laxative, senna is used as a febrifuge, in splenic enlargements, anaemia, typhoid, cholera, biliousness, jaundice, gout, rheumatism, tumours, foul breath and bronchitis, and probably in leprosy. It is employed in the treatment of amoebic dysentery as an anthelmintic and as a mild liver stimulant. Leaves are astringent, bitter, sweet, acrid, thermogenic, catharitic, depurative, liver tonic, anthelmintic, cholagogue, expectorant, ferbifuge. Usefull in constipation, abdominal disordes, leprosy, skin disorders, leucoderma, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, dyspepsia, cough, and bronchitis. Chemistry and Pharmacology Pharmacology [2]: Senna leaves and pods have been shown to have laxative activity. It is usefull in habitual constipation. Pharmacological investigations show that sennosides A and B account for the entire activity of the senna leaves and pods. [3]   Leaves contain glycosides, sennoside A, B, C & D. Two naphthalene glycosides have been isolated from leaves and pods. Active constituents: Senna contains anthraquinone glycosides known as sennosides. These molecules are converted by the normal bacteria in the colon into rhein-anthrone, which in turn has two effects. It first stimulates colon activity and thus speeds bowel movements. Second, it increases fluid secretion by the colon.[4] Together, these actions work to get a sluggish colon functional again. Several controlled studies have confirmed the benefit of senna in treating constipation.[5] Constipation induced by drugs such as the anti-diarrhea medicine loperamide (Imodium®) has also been shown to be improved by senna in a clinical trial.[6] Citations [1] a The wealth of India, P.I.D., C.S.I.R., New Delhi (CD ROM Version). b Orient Longman, Indian Medical Plants. 1993; 2 : 23.) [2] a. Grote et al., J Am. Pharm. Assoc. 1951; 40(52);3. b. Fairbairn & Michaels, "Vegetable Purgatives - Part III ") [3] a. Tanaka, H. et al., Chem. Pharm Bull., 1982; 30 : 5; b. Lemli, J et al., Planta Medica. 1981; 43:11) [4] Leng-Peschlow E. Dual effect of orally administered sennosides on large intestinal transit and fluid absorption in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 1986;38:606–10.) [5] a.Passmore AP, Davies KW, Flanagan PG, et al. A comparison of Agiolax and Lactulose in elderly patients with chronic constipation. Pharmacol 1993;47(suppl 1):249–52.  b.Kinnunen O, Winblad I, Koistinen P, Salokannel J. Safety and efficacy of a bulk laxative containing senna versus lactulose in the treatment of chronic constipation in geriatric patients. Pharmacol 1993;47(suppl 1):253–5.) [6] Ewe K, Ueberschaer B, Press AG. Influence of senna, fibre, and fibre+senna on colonic transit in loperamide-induced constipation. Pharmacol 1993;47(suppl 1):242–8

Pharmacology & Toxicology 1.Senna-containing laxatives: excretion in the breast milk? Faber P; Strenge-Hesse A, Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 1989 Nov;49(11):958-6 2.Two-year carcinogenicity study with sennosides in the rat: emphasis on gastro-intestinal alterations. Lyd’en-Sokolowski A; Nilsson A; Sioberrg P, Pharmacology; VOL 47 Suppl 1, 1993, P209-15 3. Acute hemorrhagic colitis following administration of sennosides A and B (letter), Villand J, Presse Med, 14(2):104-5 1985 Jan 19 4. Influence of a highly purified senna extract on colonic epithelium. van Gorkom BA; Karrenbeld A; van Der Sluis T;  Koudstaal J; de Vries EG; Kleibeuker JH, Digestion, 61(2):113-20 2000 5. Analytics of senna drugs with regard to the toxicological discussion of anthranoids., Grimminger W; Witthohn K, Pharmacology, 47 Suppl 1(-HD-):98-109 1993 Oct 6. Genotoxicity of sennosides on the bone marrow cells of mice. Mukhopadhyay MJ; Saha A; Dutta A; De B;Mukherjee A, Food Chem Toxicol 36(11):937-40 1998 Nov 7. Sennosides and human colonic motility. Staumont G; Frexinos J; Fioramonti J; Bu’eno L Pharmacology, 36 Suppl 1 (-HD-):49-56 1988 8. Long-term mucosal alterations by sennosides and related compounds. Dufour P; Gendre P Pharmacology 36 Suppl 1(-HD-):194-202 1988 9. Laxative potency and acute toxicity of some anthraquinone derivatives, senna extracts and fractions of senna extracts. Hietala P; Marvola M; Parviainen T; Laininen H, Pharmacol Toxicol, 61(2):153-6 1987 Aug 10. Toxic effects of sennosides in laboratory animals and in vitro. Mengs U, Pharmacology, 36 Suppl 1(-HD-):180-7 1988 11. Review article: anthranoid laxatives and their potential carcinogenic effects. van Gorkom BA ; de Vries EG ; Karrenbeld A ; Kleibeuker JH, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 13(4):443-52 1999 Apr 12. Measurement of the intestinal clearance of alpha 1-antitrypsin and the exchangeable potassium pool in elderly patients treated with anthraquinone glycosides. Emeriau JP ; Manciet G ; Borde C ; Raynal F ; Galley P, Gastroenterol Clin Biol; VOL 7, ISS 10, 1983, P799-801 13. Two-year carcinogenicity study with sennosides in the rat: emphasis on gastro-intestinal alterations. Lyd´en-Sokolowski A ; Nilsson A ; Sj¨oberg P, Pharmacology, 47 Suppl 1(-HD-)  :209-15 1993 Oct 14. Ultrastructure of mouse intestinal mucosa and changes observed after long term anthraquinone administration. Dufour P ; Gendre P, Gut; VOL 25, ISS 12, 1984, P1358-63 15. The genotoxicity status of senna. Heidemann A ; Miltenburger HG ; Mengs U, Pharmacology, 47 Suppl 1(-HD-) :178-86 1993 Oct 16. Effects of ‘contact laxatives’ on intestinal and colonic epithelial cell proliferation. Geboes K ; Nijs G ; Mengs U ; Geboes KP ; Van Damme A ; de Witte P, Pharmacology, 47 Suppl 1(-HD-):187-95 1993 Oct 17. Effect of sennosides and related compounds on intestinal transit in the rat. Leng-Peschlow E, Pharmacology, 36 Suppl 1(-HD-):40-8 1988 18. Reproductive toxicological investigations with sennosides. Mengs U, Arzneimittelforschung, 36(9):1355-8 1986 Sep 19. Effect of sennosides on colon motility in dogs. Fioramonti J ; Staumont G ; Garcia-Villar R ; Bu´eno L, Pharmacology, 36 Suppl 1(-HD-):23-30 1988 20. Effects of sennosides on colonic myoelectrical activity in man. Frexinos J ; Staumont G ; Fioramonti J ; Bueno L, Dig Dis Sci, 34(2):214-9 1989 Feb 21. Effects of long-term sennoside treatment on in vitro motility of rat colon. Odenthal KP ; Leng-Peschlow E ; Voderholzer W ; M¨uller-Lissner S, Pharmacology, 47 Suppl 1(-HD-):146-54 1993 Oct 22. Chronic sennoside treatment does not cause habituation and secondary hyperaldosteronism in rats. Leng-Peschlow E ; Odenthal KP ; Voderholzer W ; M¨uller-Lissner S, Pharmacology, 47 Suppl 1(-HD-):162-71 1993 Oct 23. Evaluation of the potential carcinogenic activity of Senna and Cascara glycosides for the rat colon. Mereto E ; Ghia M ; Brambilla G, Cancer Lett, 101(1):79-83 1996 Mar 19

QUALITY CONTROL Sennosides as calcium salts are assayed as Total hydroxyanthracene glucosides estimated as Sennoside B. As per BP, E (1%,1cm) value of 240 or 200  for color development at 515nm and 500nm respectively) is used. USP employs spectroflurometric method necessitating the use of standard every time. There is an increased tendency nowadays to use HPLC method declaring Sennosides A + B. A rapid and useful method based on the BP is popularly used all over the world.

Analytical Methods   1.Quantitative chromatographic determination of the active principles of senna (sennoside A, sennoside B), Longo R; Meinardi G, Bull. Chim Farm., 104(8):503-10 1965 Aug 2. A comparative study of various new methods for the determination of sennosides in Senna leaf and Senna fruit, Os FH van; Zwaving JH; Richters AR,  Pharm Weekb1, 103(13):317-32 1968 Mar 29 3. Spectrophotometric estimation of sennosides and rhein glycosides in senna and its preparations. Habib AA; El-Sebakhy NA, J Nat Prod, 43(4):452-8 1980 Jul-Aug 4. Spectrofluorometric determination of sennosides in tablets. Wahbi AM; Unterhalt B, Planta Med, 33(4):393-5 1978 Jun 5. Determination of eight constituents of hsiao-cheng-chi-tang by high-performance liquid chromatography. Sheu SJ; Lu CF, J Chromatogr A, 704(2):518-23 1995 Jun 9 6. High performance liquid chromatography of the evolution of sennosides A and B in solution. Merle J; Barthes D;Besson J, Farmaco [Prat],39(7):233-42 1984 Jul 7. Analytical studies on the active constituents in crude drugs. IV. Determination of sennosides in senna and formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hayashi S; Yoshida A; Tanaka H; Mitani Y; Yoshizawa K, Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 28(2):406-12 1980 Feb 8. High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of sennosides A and B purgative drugs. Komolafe OO, J Pharm Sci, 70(7):727-30 1981 Jul 9. Quantitative determination of sennosides in senna pods and senna leaves. I. Method (author’s transl). Brendel WD ; Schneider D, Planta Med, 25(1):63-7 1974 Feb 10. Estimation of individual sennosides in plant materials and marketed formulations by an HPTLC method. Shah SA ; Ravishankara MN ; Nirmal A ; Shishoo CJ ; Rathod IS ; Suhagia BN, J Pharm Pharmacol, 52(4):445-9 2000 Apr 11. Sennosides Reference Standard (Control 951) of the National Institute of Health Sciences Okada S ; Kitajima A ; Tanimoto T ; Suzuki H ; Satake M, Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku, -HD-(114):106-12 1996

Chemistry, Isolation and Constituents   1. Isolation of a new aloe-emodin dianthrone diglucoside from senna and its potentiating effect on the purgative activity of sennoside A in mice. Nakajima K; Yamauchi K; Kuwano S, J Pharm Pharmacol; VOL 37, ISS 10, 1985, P703-6 2. Senna—an old drug in modern research. Lemli J,  Pharmacology, 36 Suppl 1(-HD-):3-6 1988 3. Isolation and structural definition of a new sennoside from Cassia senna L. (author’s transl), Christ B ; P¨oppinghaus T ; Wirtz-Peitz F ,Arzneimittelforschung, 28(2):225-31 1978 4. The effect of different storage conditions on the chemical stability, laxative effect and acute toxicity of sennoside solutions. Lainonen H ; Marvola M ; Hietala P ; Parviainen T Pharmacol Toxicol; VOL 63, ISS 1, 1988, P37-41 5. The senna drug and its chemistry. Franz G, Pharmacology, 47 Suppl 1(-HD-):2-6 1993 Oct

Mechanism of Action 1. Effects of sennosides A + B and bisacodyl on rat large intestine. Leng-Peschlow E Pharmacology, 38(5):310-8 1989 2. The mechanism of action of sennosides, Lemli J , Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris), 32(2):109-12 1996 Mar-Apr 3. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of anthranoids. de Witte P, Pharmacology, 47 Suppl 1(-HD-):86-97 1993 Oct 4. Title Sennoside-induced secretion and its relevance for the laxative effect Leng-Peschlow E, Department of Pharmacology, Madaus AG, K¨oln, FRG., Pharmacology, 47 Suppl 1(-HD-):14-21 1993 Oct 5. Metabolism of sennosides—an overview. Lemli J, Pharmacology, 36 Suppl 1 (-HD-):126-8 1988 6. [Mechanism of action of sennosides], Lemli J, Bull Acad Natl Med, 179(8):1605-11 1995 Nov 7. [Transport and mode of action of sennosides, Dobbs HE ; Lane AC ; Macfarlane IR, Farmaco [Sci], 30(2):147-58 1975 Feb

Manufacture of Calcium Sennosides A.Short description of process : Senna leaves are tested before and after grinding for Sennosides contents and are extracted with methanol. The above methanolic extracts are collected and Calcium sennosides are separated by addition of Calcium Salt solution. The precipitated Calcium sennosides are centrifuged and washed with methanol & dried under vacuum. The dried Calcium sennosides are ground, tested and packed. B.Process Control Test : The following control parameters are monitored during manufacture : PH of Aqueous suspension Heavy metals Residue on igination. L.O.D Assay

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SENNAE FOLIUM 5 - Sennoside 1

SENNAE FOLIUM 5 - Sennoside 1

Sennoside

Sennoside A

Sennoside B

Sennoside B Common Name Sennoside B Description Sennoside B is an anthranoid. Anthranoid derivatives are used all over the world as a treatment for constipation. These compounds are present in several drugs of plant origin, especially as O- or C-glycosides. Besides featuring different substituents, the aglycone might consist of an anthraquinone, an anthrone or a dianthrone. So far, detailed information concerning their metabolism and pharmacokinetic characteristics is available only in a few cases. The best characterized compounds are sennoside, a dianthrone O-glycoside present in senna leaves and senna pods, and its aglycone (rhein anthrone). After oral administration, sennoside is degraded only in the lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract, releasing its active metabolite rhein anthrone. (PMID: 8234447) Synonyms Sennoside B (6CI,7CI,8CI) 5,5'-bis(b-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-4,4'-dihydroxy-10,10'-dioxo-[9,9'-Bianthracene]-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid 5,5'-bis(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-4,4'-dihydroxy-10,10'-dioxo-[9,9'-Bianthracene]-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid 5,5'-bis(b-delta-glucopyranosyloxy)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-4,4'-dihydroxy-10,10'-dioxo-[9,9'-Bianthracene]-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid 5,5'-bis(beta-delta-glucopyranosyloxy)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-4,4'-dihydroxy-10,10'-dioxo-[9,9'-Bianthracene]-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid Chemical IUPAC Name (9S)-9-[(9R)-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-10-oxo-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-9H-anthracen-9-yl]-4-hydroxy-10-oxo-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-9H-anthracene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical Formula C42H38O20 Chemical Structure http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB02783

Sennoside B - Calcium salt

Sennoside C

Sennoside D

SENNAE FOLIUM 4 - Monograph 4

SENNAE FOLIUM 4 - Monograph 4

Sennae Folium Senna is a powerful cathartic used in the treatment of constipation, working through a stimulation of intestinal peristalsis. It is vital to recognize, however, that constipation is frequently caused by other factors and not a cause in itself. Thus, it is wise to isolate and treat the cause of chronic constipation. Family:Fabaceae Botanical: Sennae folium Other Common Names:  Cassia Senna,  Senna Leaf, Alexandrian Senna, Egyptian Senna, Ringworm Bush, East Indian Senna, Nubian Senna, Svarnapatri   History and Uses: Senna is also known by the names Alexandrian Senna and Rajavriksha. Cassia senna is native to tropical Africa, and is cultivated in Egypt and the Sudan; Cassia angustifolia is native to India, and is cultivated mainly in India and Pakistan. The parts of this plant used medicinally are the leaves and the pods. The leaves have a purging quality, but afterwards may have a binding effect. Both the leaves and pods are used in many over-the-counter pharmaceutical laxative preparations. People in northern Africa and southwestern Asia have used Senna as a natural laxative for centuries. It was considered a "cleansing" herb because of its cathartic effect. In addition, the leaves were sometimes made into a paste, and applied to various skin diseases; acne and ringworm were both treated in this way. Senna is a powerful cathartic used primarily in the treatment of constipation, working through a stimulation of intestinal peristalsis. The primary chemical constituents of Senna include anthraquinone glycosides (sennosides, aloe-emodin, rhein), beta-sitosterol, flavones, tartaric acid, mucin, essential oil, mucilage, tannin and resin. The sennosides are irritating to the large intestine lining, causing peristaltic action and bowel evacuation. It also helps to temporarily prevent fluid from being absorbed from the large intestine, thus contributing to softer stools. Senna is often combined with aromatic, carminative herbs such as Cardamom, Ginger Root, Peppermint and Fennel to increase its palatability. Other historical applications of this herb have included support for inflammatory skin conditions, hypertension and weight control. Contraindications: Great care should be taken with the use of Senna.  Pregnant, nursing or menstruating women should not use Senna, and it is not appropriate for children under twelve years of age.  People with intestinal blockage, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal ulcers, undiagnosed stomach pain or appendicitis symptoms must avoid Senna. Senna can cause cramping, nausea and diarrhea, and the urine may take on a reddish hue (which is harmless).  Long-term use is not recommended (more than one week at a time), since it may cause dependence and a weakened colon, aggravate constipation and result in a loss of potassium and other vital minerals, which is particularly dangerous to people with heart rhythm irregularities.  Chronic constipation is usually indicative of another condition and should always be discussed with a physician. Disclaimer: The information presented herein by Viable Herbal Solutions is intended for educational purposes only. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, cure, treat or prevent disease. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider. http://www.viableherbalsolutions.com/singles/herbs/s530.htm

Sennae Folium 【Pinyin】 番泻叶; 番瀉葉; Fān xiè yè 【English name】 FOLIUM SENNAE 【Alias】 泄叶; 洩葉; Xiè yè Senna Leaf PE Latin name: Cassia angustifolia, Cassia senna Chinese name: 番泻叶; 番瀉葉; Fān xiè yè Section: Fabaceae Genus: Cassia Use parts: leaf Description: senna is a kind of growing up in India, Pakistan, southern China and many other parts of the shrub. Its name from the Arabic word "sena" derived from, and since the 9th century and has since used in ancient India and ancient Greek medicine in the. The shrub can grow to about two feet high, with long green stems, pods and yellow scoop-like shape of the leaves. Its alternate evergreen leaves, with 4-5 pairs of lanceolate or obovate fragility of the gray-green leaflets. Flowers small, yellow, With 5 irregular petals with claws. Fruit wrapped in about 5cm in length rectangular pods. Leaves and pods or fruit can be used for medicine. History: North Africa and southwest Asia, people will be the use of senna as a laxative for several centuries of history. Delile for their cathartic properties have traditionally been considered a "clean" herbal medicine. More modern study found that senna in the treatment of constipation - whether caused by drugs or natural made - very effective. In addition, its leaves are sometimes made of Hu-shaped and applied to a variety of skin diseases. Rubrum are available for this disease and the treatment of acne. Function: Senna of the active ingredient is called sennoside. The component elements are micro-organisms in the colon is converted to another substance, rhein anthrone, the substance has a useful role in stimulating colonic activity (peristalsis and improve the digestion of its speed) and the increase in fluid secretion. Laxative senna glycosides role and their active metabolites of rhein anthrone inhibited the large intestine was considered for water and electrolyte absorption, thereby increasing the volume of intestinal contents and pressures. It will stimulate the colon push-tightening campaign. In addition, the Pairs of active chloride secretion stimulated increase in intestinal water and electrolyte content. In the active electrolyte transport in these changes depends on the serosal surface of calcium. Sennoside laxative effect in some of the colon through the fluid and electrolyte secretion stimulation, and the ability to secrete endogenous prostaglandin formation of internal stimulation as a control. Sennoside can be prepared as enema or suppository, or in connection with stool softener or fiber laxative mixed into blocks to form a joint cathartic. . 【Indication】 diarrhea hot line will stagnate, catharsis, diuresis. For hot junction Ji Zhi, constipation, abdominal pain, edema and puffiness. http://www.jl-zc.com/en/products/herb_extracts/2010/0107/38.html

SENNAE FOLIUM 3 - Monograph 3

SENNAE FOLIUM 3 - Monograph 3

Folium Sennae ( Leaf )   Latin name:  Folium Sennae English name: Senna Leaf Chinese Pin Yin name: Fan Xie Ye Properties: Sweet and bitter in flavour, cold in nature, it acts on large intestine channel. The herb has effects of clearing heat, lowering adverse flow of Qi, and loosening bowels. It is used in cases of accumulation of heat in large intestine, food stagnation, abdominal fullness due to dry stools and constipation. Small dosage of the herb has effects of laxative and elimination of stagnation, while large dosage has effects of drastics and hydragogues. It is a strong purgative, must be used cautiously. Effects: Purging heat and removing stagnation. Indications: It is effective on constipation caused by accumulation of heat or habitual constipation. The herb is soaked in water for oral use. For cases of severe constipation and gastric or abdominal distention, unripen bitter orange and magnolia bark (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) are used in combination with senna leaves for reinforcing the effects of purgation and relief of stagnation. Dosage and Administration: 1.5-3g for laxation, 5-10g for purgation. The herb is soaked in boiling water for 5 minutes for oral administration. Precautions: It should used cautiously for pregnant women.

Folium Sennae Specifications Senna Leaf is used to purg heat,activate stagnancy,relax the bowels and diuresis. Preparation Leaflets are collected in September, washed clean, and dried in the sun. Medical Indications constipation caused by dryness of intestine, stagnation of undigested food, ascites with fullness and distention. Traditionally, senna was used as a laxative and was considered a "cleansing" herb because of its cathartic properties. More modern studies have found that senna is useful in treating constipation, whether it is caused by pharmaceuticals or natural means. It may also be used to treat skin conditions such as ringworm and acne.

SENNAE FOLIUM 2 - Monograph 2

SENNAE FOLIUM 2 - Monograph 2