Mila kula anganggit sêrat punika, supados kawontênanipun têtuwuhan tuwin oyod-oyodan ingkang kathah paedahipun, sagêda kasumêrêpan ing akathah, dene ingkang kula wastani têtuwuhan wau kathah ingkang kaanggêp rêrungkudan kemawon, inggih lêrês ngantos sapriki jampi Jawi sampun kangge, ananging kadospundi kanggenipun sarta rekanipun angangge jampi wau, makatên ugi namanipun tanêman ingkang kangge jampi asring kadamêl wados, mila pangupadosipun katêrangan bab jampi-jampi Jawi asring botên sagêd kadugèn, sarta kawruh bab jampi-jampi wau asring ical sarêng ingkang gadhah kawruh wau tilar ing donya, awit kawruhipun dipun damêl wados.

Rabu, 31 Agustus 2011

SENNAE FOLIUM 7 - Constipation 1

SENNAE FOLIUM 7 - Constipation 1


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Types of Constipation
 
Constipation can be broadly classified into two types:
a) Casual or temporary:
    Can be caused by indigestion, overeating, contaminated food
    or bacterial infection.
b) Chronic or habitual:
    Occurs largely in the elderly usually due to the loss
    of Tonality in the sphincter muscles. It is also presented
    by persons sufering from piles or haemorrhoidal tissues.

 
Oral laxatives

are medicines taken by mouth to encourage bowel movements to relieve constipation. Most laxatives (except saline laxatives) may also be used to provide relief:
  • During pregnancy.
  • For a few days after giving birth.
  • During preparation for examination or surgery.
  • For constipation of bedfast patients.
  • For constipation caused by other medicines.
  • Following surgery when straining should be avoided.
  • Following a period of poor eating habits or a lack of physical exercise in order to develop normal bowel function (bulk-forming laxatives only).
     
  • For some medical conditions that may be made worse by straining, for example:
    • Heart disease
    • Hemorrhoids
    • Hernia (rupture)
    • High blood pressure (hypertension)
    • History of stroke

       
Different types of oral laxatives

Bulk-formers:
Bulk-forming laxatives are not digested but absorb liquid in the intestines and swell to form a soft, bulky stool. The bowel is then stimulated normally by the presence of the bulky mass. Some bulk-forming laxatives, like psyllium and polycarbophil, may be prescribed by your doctor to treat diarrhea.
Hyperosmotics:
Hyperosmotic laxatives encourage bowel movements by drawing water into the bowel from surrounding body tissues. This provides a soft stool mass and increased bowel action.
There are three types of hyperosmotic laxatives taken by mouth-the saline, the lactulose, and the polymer types.
  • The saline type is often called "salts.'' They are used for rapid emptying of the lower intestine and bowel. They are not used for long-term or repeated correction of constipation.
  • The lactulose type is a special sugar-like laxative that works the same way as the saline type. However, it produces results much more slowly and is often used for long-term treatment of chronic constipation.
  • The polymer type is a polyglycol (polyethylene glycol), a large molecule that causes water to be retained in the stool; this will soften the stool and increase the number of bowel movements. It is used for short periods of time to treat constipation.
Lubricants:
Lubricant laxatives, such as mineral oil, taken by mouth encourage bowel movements by coating the bowel and the stool mass with a waterproof film. This keeps moisture in the stool. The stool remains soft and its passage is made easier.
Stimulants:
Stimulant laxatives, also known as contact laxatives, encourage bowel movements by acting on the intestinal wall. They increase the muscle contractions that move along the stool mass. Stimulant laxatives are a popular type of laxative for self-treatment. However, they also are more likely to cause side effects. They are synthetics like Bisacodyl as well as natural products like senna, cascara sagrada, cassia fistula, etc. Phenolphthalein is known to cause severe side effects and is banned in several countries.
Stool softeners (emollients):
Stool softeners encourage bowel movements by helping liquids mix into the stool and prevent dry, hard stool masses. This type of laxative has been said not to cause a bowel movement but instead allows the patient to have a bowel movement without straining.
Combinations:
There are many products that you can buy for constipation that contain more than one type of laxative.

Saline laxatives:
Have more limited uses and may be used to provide rapid results:
  • During preparation for examination or surgery.
  • For elimination of food or drugs from the body in cases of poisoning or overdose.
  • For simple constipation that happens on occasion (although another type of laxative may be preferred).
  • In supplying a fresh stool sample for diagnosis.

General Information


Most laxatives are available without a prescription. They are available in various dosage forms. Importance of diet, fluids, and exercise to prevent constipation cannot be overemphasised. Laxatives are to be used to provide short-term relief only, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. A proper diet containing roughage (whole grain breads and cereals, bran, fruit, and green, leafy vegetables), with 6 to 8 full glasses (8 ounces each) of liquids each day, and daily exercise are most important in maintaining healthy bowel function. Also, for individuals who have problems with constipation, foods such as pastries, puddings, sugar, candy, cake, and cheese may make the constipation worse.
If you are taking this medicine without a prescription, carefully read and follow any precautions on the label. Apprise your doctor of any special health conditions viz. allergies, diet (such as a low-sodium or low-sugar diet), pregnancy, etc. Special care should be taken in case of Children below 6 years of age and older adults.
When you are taking oral laxatives, it is especially important that your health care professional know if you are taking any prescription drugs.
The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of oral laxatives. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially, appendicitis (or signs of) or Rectal bleeding of unknown cause, Colostomy or Intestinal blockage or Ileostomy.

The use of laxatives may create other problems if these conditions are present:
  • Diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes)
  • Heart disease
  • High blood pressure
  • Kidney disease
  • Swallowing difficulty


D
osing

There are a large number of laxative products on the market. The dose of laxatives will be different for different products. The number of capsules or tablets or teaspoonfuls of crystals, gel, granules, liquid, or powder that you use; the number of caramels or wafers that you eat; or the number of pieces of gum that you chew depends on the strength of the medicine. Follow your doctor's orders if this medicine was prescribed, or follow the directions on the box if you are buying this medicine without a prescription .

Storage


To store this medicine:
  • Keep out of the reach of children.
  • Store away from heat and direct light.
  • Do not store the capsule, tablet, granules, or powder form of this medicine in the bathroom, near the kitchen sink, or in other damp places. Heat or moisture may cause the medicine to break down.
  • Keep the liquid form of this medicine from freezing.
  • Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
  • Be sure that any discarded medicine is out of the reach of children.

USE OF SENNA/SENNOSIDES AS LAXATIVE

How much is usually taken? It’s best to follow the instructions on the label of over-the-counter senna products. Some doctors suggest an herbal extract in capsules or tablets providing 20–60 mg of sennosides per day. This can be continued for a maximum of ten days maximum. Use beyond ten days is strongly discouraged. If constipation is not alleviated within ten days, individuals should seek the help of a healthcare professional. Combination with herbal mint teas can help decrease cramping. Half the adult amount of senna can be safely used in children over the age of six.
  Presentation:
 

Tablets: Enteric-Coated or Uncoated containing 37.5 to 90 mg of Calcium Sennosides equivalent to 7.5 to 18 mg of Hydroxyanthracene glucosides as Sennoside B per tablet

Powders: With or without other components like Isabgol, Cascara sagrada etc. containing raw powdered herb or Calcium Sennosides equivalent to 5 to 30 mg of Hydroxyanthracene glucosides as Sennoside B per dose

Liquids: Syrup or fluid extract with or without alcohol containing 5 to 30 mg of Hydroxyanthracene glucosides as Sennoside B per dose

Others: Also presented in the form of herbal teas, chocolate pieces

How to take:
Tablet--Swallow with liquid. If you can't swallow whole, chew or crumble tablet and take with liquid or food.
Liquid, granules--Drink 6 to 8 glasses of water each day, in addition to one taken with each dose.
Suppositories--Remove wrapper and moisten suppository with water. Gently insert larger end into rectum. Push well into rectum with finger.

When to take:
Usually at bedtime with a snack, unless directed otherwise.

If you forget a dose:
Take as soon as you remember.

What drug does:
Acts on smooth muscles of intestine wall to cause vigorous bowel movement.

Time lapse before drug works:
6 to 10 hours.

Don't take with:
Don't take within 2 hours of taking another medicine. Laxative interferes with medicine absorption.



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